EPD-IES-0034172:001
Spiral staircase
Weland spiral staircases are prefabricated steel staircases designed for indoor and outdoor use where a space-efficient access solution is required. The staircases consist of a centre tube, steps, landings, base plates, railings, handrails and the necessary connection details. Dimensions, configuration, railings, steps and surface treatment can be adapted to project-specific requirements. The product group includes hot-dip galvanized and powder-coated versions, as well as assessed variations with wood steps and child-protected railings. More information about the products can be found on www.weland.se.
The following products are included in the EPD:
• Hot-dip galvanized spiral staircase with standard railing
• Hot-dip galvanized spiral staircase with child safety railing
• Powder-coated spiral staircase with standard railing
• Powder-coated spiral staircase with child safety railing
• Powder-coated spiral staircase with standard railing and wood steps
• Powder-coated spiral staircase with child safety railing and wood steps
General information
| EPD Owner | Weland AB |
|---|---|
| Registration number | EPD-IES-0034172:001 |
| EPD type | EPD of multiple products based on a representative product |
| Status | Valid |
| Version date | 2026-09-29 |
| Validity date | 2031-09-29 |
| Standards conformance | ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 |
| Geographical scope | Sweden |
| An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD. | |
Programme information
| Programme | International EPD System |
|---|---|
| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
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| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
Verification
| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
|---|---|
| Third-party verifier | David Palm (Dalemarken AB) |
| Approved by | The International EPD® System |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | Weland AB |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | Mattias Andersson |
| Contact person e-mail | mattias.andersson@weland.se |
| Organisation address | Malmgatan 34 33330 Smålandsstenar Sweden |
| LCA Practitioner | felix.jansson@sweco.se, felix.jansson@sweco.se karin.lindqvist@sweco.se, karin.lindqvist@sweco.se Annie Johansson, annie.johansson@sweco.se Helena Tarstad, Helena.Tarstad@industrireklam.se |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
Weland AB is a Swedish manufacturing company specialising in grating, staircases, railings, walkways, contract manufacturing and sheet metal processing. The company was founded in 1947 and has its headquarters and main production facilities in Smålandsstenar, Sweden.
Organisation images
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | Spiral staircases (List of included products in section: Product description) |
|---|---|
| Product identification | Weland spiral staircases are project-specific and are uniquely identified by the order number and associated drawings. |
| Product description | Weland spiral staircases are prefabricated steel staircases designed for indoor and outdoor use where a space-efficient access solution is required. The staircases consist of a centre tube, steps, landings, base plates, railings, handrails and the necessary connection details. Dimensions, configuration, railings, steps and surface treatment can be adapted to project-specific requirements. The product group includes hot-dip galvanized and powder-coated versions, as well as assessed variations with wood steps and child-protected railings. More information about the products can be found on www.weland.se. The following products are included in the EPD: • Hot-dip galvanized spiral staircase with standard railing • Hot-dip galvanized spiral staircase with child safety railing • Powder-coated spiral staircase with standard railing • Powder-coated spiral staircase with child safety railing • Powder-coated spiral staircase with standard railing and wood steps • Powder-coated spiral staircase with child safety railing and wood steps |
| Technical purpose of product | The product is intended to provide safe and space-efficient access between different levels in buildings, industrial facilities and other built environments. |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | Base plates are manufactured by welding tubes and plates, and centre tubes are drilled at Weland AB’s production site in Smålandsstenar. Steel grating steps and landings are manufactured in-house and welded to the step and landing subframes. Railing posts and rails are cut and punched, while handrails are cut and bent. Components are surface-treated as applicable. Components requiring hot-dip galvanizing are sent to Zinken Weland in Ulricehamn and then returned to Smålandsstenar, where all staircase components are packed for delivery to the customer. |
| Material properties | Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 |
| Manufacturing site | Weland AB _ Malmgatan 34 33330 Smålandsstenar Sweden |
| Manufacturing site 2 | Zinken Weland i Ulricehamn AB _ Industrivägen 3 523 90 Ulricehamn Sweden |
| UN CPC code | 42190. Other structures (except prefabricated buildings) and parts of structures, of iron, steel or aluminium; plates, rods, angles, shapes, sections, profiles, tubes and the like, prepared for use in structures, of iron, steel or aluminium; props and similar eq |
| Geographical scope | Sweden |
| Geographical scope description | The geographical scope is Sweden, which represents the main market for the products and is consistent with the distribution and end-of-life scenarios used in the LCA. |
Product images
Content declaration
| Content declaration of multiple products | Content declaration representes the declared representative product. |
|---|---|
| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
Product content
| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steel | 1 | 6.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 6.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
Packaging materials
| Material name | Mass, kg | Mass-% (versus the product) | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wooden pallet | 0.375 | 0.00375 | 0.156 |
| Total | 0.375 | 0.00375 | 0.156 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | ||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | Spiral staircase Mass: 1 kg |
| Conversion factor to mass | 1 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.11 database |
| LCA Software | SimaPro 10.2 |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 based on EF 3.1 |
| Technology description including background system | The products considered are steel products used as stairs. The steel product is hot-dip galvanized for outdoor use and can also be powder coated and used with wooden steps for indoor use. |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | The share of primary data in module A1 has been calculated based on the declared shares of primary data in the upstream EPD:s used as input. In module A2, no data has been classified as primary data, while in module A3, only data related to energy use has been classified as primary. The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data, to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPD:s. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. Reference year 2025. A large amount of the input data is based on EPD:s. These are considered to be of good quality and representative, as they comply to a large extent with the same methodological rules as those applied in the EPD:s based on this EPD. All mandatory impact categories have been assessed from a data quality perspective regarding geographical, technical and temporal representativeness. Depending on the impact category, the largest contribution to the overall impact comes either from hot-dip galvanization or from the input material used in the greatest quantity. The overall assessment ranges from good to very good. Variation for modules A-C for all products are shown in the list below in the following order: Galvanized child protected spiral staircase, Powder coated standard spiral staircase, Powder coated child protected spiral staircase, Powder coated spiral staircase with wood step, Powder coated child protected spiral staircase with wood step; GWP-total: 6%, 4%, 10%, 68%, 66% GWP-fossil: 6%, 3%, 10%, 70%, 68% GWP-biogenic: 8%, 10%, 2%, 21%, 12% GWP-luluc: 2%, 56%, 59%, 46%, 51% ODP: 15%, 34%, 45%, 32%, 1% AP: 6%, 24%, 31%, 81%, 84% EP-freshwater: 3%, 127%, 120%, 144%, 137% EP-marine: 4%, 26%, 30%, 71%, 72% EP-terrestrial: 6%, 26%, 35%, 72%, 77% POCP: 4%, 19%, 23%, 54%, 52% ADPm1: 1%, 171%, 174%, 184%, 187% ADPf1: 6%, 11%, 17%, 74%, 73% WDP1: 0%, 44%, 44%, 88%, 85% GWP-GHG: 6%, 3%, 10%, 70%, 68% PM: 9%, 6%, 17%, 77%, 81% IRP: 2%, 74%, 77%, 108%, 110% ETP-fw: 3%, 115%, 123%, 170%, 174% HTP-c: 9%, 30%, 41%, 111%, 121% HTP-nc: 7%, 58%, 70%, 129%, 136% SQP: 8%, 8%, 17%, 91%, 85% Acronyms for eact impact catogory can be seen under section: Environmental Performance The variation is large for products with wood steps, the GWP-fossil is lower due to the use of wood instead of steel for a large part of the product. The GWP-biogenic is higher due to the same reason, the use of wood have a higher biogenic impact. The indicators for eutrophication is higher for the variations with powder coating instead of hot dip galvanizing due to the use of more and different chemicals. On the other hand, the use of hot dip galvanizing drives the impact for other indicators due to the use of zinc (extraction and refining). There are differences between the representative product and the products with hot dip galvanizing as well, this is due to the use of different input materials (impact from EPD:s) with different shares of post-consumer material. |
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Data quality assessment
| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grating and railing post | EPD | EPD Owner | 2025 | Primary and representative secondary data | 40% |
| Centre tube | EPD | EPD Ownder | 2025 | Representative secondary data | 0% |
| Electricity consumption | Collected data | EPD Ownder | 2025 | Primary data | 2.5% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 42.5% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
| Comment on the data sources and other information in the table | Depending on the impact category, the largest contribution to the overall impact comes either from hot-dip galvanization or from the input material used in the greatest quantity. The overall assessment of used datasets are very good regarding geographical, technical and temporal representativeness. |
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Electricity data
| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of electricity mix | Residual electricity mix on the market | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 21% |
| Wind | 11% | |
| Solar | 0% | |
| Biomass | 13% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0% | |
| Nuclear | 47% | |
| Natural gas | 2% | |
| Coal | 0% | |
| Oil | 1% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 5% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 0.08 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
| Method used to calculate residual electricity mix | The residual mix is a virtual mix on the swedish market. It represents the energy mix of untracked consumption, i.e., electricity consumption that is not explicitly tracked through mechanisms such as Guarantees of Origin (GO). The shares have been calculated based on statistics from AIB (2025) following the methodology of grexel (2020). |
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System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | b) Cradle to gate with options, modules C1-C4, module D and with optional modules (A1-A3 + C + D and additional modules). |
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| Excluded modules | No, there is no excluded module, or there are no excluded modules |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | X | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | Europe | Europe | Sweden | Sweden | Sweden | Africa | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Sweden | Sweden | Sweden | Sweden | Sweden | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 42.5% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 73% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description of the process flow diagram(s)
A system diagram displaying the included life cycle modules is presented below. End-of-waste for incoming steel is reached when steel scrap is accepted as a recovered material input in A1. End-ofwaste for outgoing steel is reached after processing, sorting and recycling in C3, when the material is qualified again as recovered steel.
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | 92 % recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | The default scenario assumes 92 % recycling and 8 % landfill based on data from The Geological Survery of Sweden. The scenario assumes that an average of 92 % of steel from construction sites are sent for recycling. |
Module A4: Transport to the building site
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module A4 | Average distance. |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module A4 | The scenario is based on sales statistics. |
| Description of the default scenario in module A4 | The scenario for distribution of the products to customers is based on sales statistics. The average distance for the products is 366 km. |
| Module A4 information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
Distance | 366 | km |
Capacity utilization (including empty returns) | 37 | % |
Bulk density of transported products | 125 | kg/m3 |
Volume capacity utilization factor (factor: =1 or <1 or ≥1 for compressed or nested packaged products) | 1 | N/A |
| Diesel, long distance | EURO 6 | N/A |
Module A5: Installation in the building
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module A5 | Negligible impact |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module A5 | The activities for installation is assumed negligible . |
| Description of the default scenario in module A5 | The activities connected to the installation of the products are assumed to be negligible as it mainly consists of manual labour and power tools. The amount of energy needed for this activity is estimated to fall under the cut-off for the study. No environmental impact is therefore assumed for the installation of the products apart from management of the product packaging waste. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C | 92 % recycling |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module C | Default scenario assumes 92 % recycling and 8 % landfill |
| Description of the default scenario in module C | The default scenario assumes 92 % recycling and 8 % landfill based on data from The Geological Survery of Sweden. The scenario assumes that an average of 92 % of steel from construction sites are sent for recycling. Modelling based on default scenario values in PCR. |
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Loading and unloading at sorting facility | 0,0085 | kWh |
| Fragging of steel | 0,0085 | kWh |
| Mechanical sorting | 0,002 | kWh |
| Steel to be recycled | 0,92 | kg |
| Compacting of inert construction waste | 0,00013 | kWh |
| Steel to landfill (disposal) | 0,08 | kg |
| Transport | 80 | km |
| Capacity utilization (including empty returns) | 37 | % |
| Bulk density of transported products | 125 | kg/m3 |
| Volume capacity utilization factor (factor: =1 or <1 or ≥1 for compressed or nested packaged products) | 1 | N/A |
| Diesel, long distance | EURO 5 | N/A |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D | 92 % recycling |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module D | The benefits and burdens from the material recovery of steel (pig iron) |
| Description of the default scenario in module D | The avoided material through recycling is seen as a benefit, while the energy to treat the recycled material until it is functionally equivalent to the assumed substituted material is considered a burden. As no materials are assumed to go to incineration, there is no energy recovery. For the calculations of module D, post-consumer scrap content from the input materials are excluded. |
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Pig iron | 0,86 | kg |
| Iron scrap, sorted and pressed | 0,92 | kg |
Additional scenario 1
| Name of the additional scenario | 100 % recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | 100 % recycling scenario for C-modules. |
Module A4: Transport to the building site
| Description of the additional scenario in module A4 | The scenario for distribution of the products to customers is based on sales statistics. The average distance for the products is 366 km. |
|---|
| Module A4 information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
Distance | 366 | km |
Capacity utilization (including empty returns) | 37 | % |
Bulk density of transported products | 125 | kg/m3 |
Volume capacity utilization factor (factor: =1 or <1 or ≥1 for compressed or nested packaged products) | 1 | N/A |
| Diesel, long distance | EURO 6 | N/A |
Module A5: Installation in the building
| Description of the additional scenario in module A5 | The activities connected to the installation of the products are assumed to be negligible as it mainly consists of manual labour and power tools. The amount of energy needed for this activity is estimated to fall under the cut-off for the study. No environmental impact is therefore assumed for the installation of the products apart from management of the product packaging waste. |
|---|
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | 100 % recycling assumed. |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Loading and unloading at sorting facility | 0,009 | kWh |
| Fragging of steel | 0,009 | kWh |
| Mechanical sorting | 0,002 | kWh |
| Steel to be recycled | 1 | kg |
| Transport | 80 | km |
| Capacity utilization (including empty returns) | 37 | % |
| Bulk density of transported products | 125 | kg/m3 |
| Volume capacity utilization factor (factor: =1 or <1 or ≥1 for compressed or nested packaged products) | 1 | N/A |
| Diesel, long distance | EURO 5 | N/A |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | The avoided material through recycling is seen as a benefit, while the energy to treat the recycled material until it is functionally equivalent to the assumed substituted material is considered a burden. As no materials are assumed to go to incineration, there is no energy recovery. For the calculations of module D, post-consumer scrap content from the input materials are excluded. |
|---|
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Pig iron | 0,93 | kg |
| Iron scrap, sorted and pressed | 1 | kg |
Additional scenario 2
| Name of the additional scenario | 100 % landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | 100 % landfill for C-modules |
Module A4: Transport to the building site
| Description of the additional scenario in module A4 | The scenario for distribution of the products to customers is based on sales statistics. The average distance for the products is 366 km. |
|---|
| Module A4 information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
Distance | 366 | km |
Capacity utilization (including empty returns) | 37 | |
Bulk density of transported products | 125 | |
Volume capacity utilization factor (factor: =1 or <1 or ≥1 for compressed or nested packaged products) | 1 | |
| Diesel, long distance | EURO 6 |
Module A5: Installation in the building
| Description of the additional scenario in module A5 | The activities connected to the installation of the products are assumed to be negligible as it mainly consists of manual labour and power tools. The amount of energy needed for this activity is estimated to fall under the cut-off for the study. No environmental impact is therefore assumed for the installation of the products apart from management of the product packaging waste. |
|---|
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | The default scenario assumes 92 % recycling and 8 % landfill based on data from The Geological Survery of Sweden. The scenario assumes that an average of 92 % of steel from construction sites are sent for recycling. Modelling based on default scenario values in PCR. |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Compacting of inert construction waste | 0,002 | kWh |
| Steel to landfill (disposal) | 1 | kg |
| Transport | 80 | km |
| Capacity utilization (including empty returns) | 37 | % |
| Bulk density of transported products | 125 | kg/m3 |
| Volume capacity utilization factor (factor: =1 or <1 or ≥1 for compressed or nested packaged products) | 1 | N/A |
| Diesel, long distance | EURO 5 | N/A |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | In the 100 % landfill scenario, no avoided burdens are assumed. |
|---|
Environmental performance
The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 2.09E+0 | 5.49E-2 | 5.61E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.30E-2 | 8.54E-4 | 2.62E-4 | -1.40E+0 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 2.54E+0 | 5.48E-2 | 1.19E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.30E-2 | 8.44E-4 | 2.62E-4 | -1.42E+0 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | -4.57E-1 | 1.23E-5 | 5.49E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.66E-8 | 2.36E-6 | 2.72E-6 | 8.72E-8 | 2.09E-2 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 3.49E-3 | 8.67E-7 | 8.73E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.54E-8 | 6.61E-7 | 7.27E-6 | 1.28E-8 | -2.26E-4 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.23E-8 | 1.25E-9 | 1.44E-10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.70E-12 | 1.53E-10 | 1.28E-11 | 3.80E-12 | -5.38E-9 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 7.87E-3 | 6.81E-5 | 7.62E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.46E-6 | 3.66E-5 | 7.60E-6 | 2.37E-6 | -4.82E-3 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 3.26E-4 | 2.82E-7 | 2.55E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.13E-9 | 7.49E-7 | 1.82E-8 | 6.50E-9 | -5.71E-4 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 2.20E-3 | 1.54E-5 | 3.82E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.63E-6 | 1.28E-5 | 3.57E-6 | 1.09E-6 | -1.08E-3 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 2.34E-2 | 1.67E-4 | 3.75E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.79E-5 | 1.40E-4 | 3.90E-5 | 1.19E-5 | -1.20E-2 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 6.63E-3 | 1.34E-4 | 1.03E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.34E-6 | 5.21E-5 | 1.16E-5 | 3.60E-6 | -4.22E-3 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1 | kg Sb eq. | 1.51E-4 | 1.43E-9 | 1.96E-9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.31E-11 | 1.06E-9 | 5.31E-11 | 8.79E-12 | -1.97E-7 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 3.83E+1 | 7.29E-1 | 1.36E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.90E-3 | 1.69E-1 | 1.93E-2 | 3.36E-3 | -1.48E+1 |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 6.54E-1 | 2.39E-4 | 1.96E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.66E-6 | 2.25E-4 | 1.21E-4 | 2.86E-6 | -8.89E-2 |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 2.55E+0 | 5.48E-2 | 1.19E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.30E-2 | 8.51E-4 | 2.62E-4 | -1.42E+0 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter emissions | PM | Disease incidence | 2.07E-7 | 3.29E-9 | 1.03E-9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.97E-11 | 8.28E-10 | 2.17E-10 | 6.73E-11 | -1.05E-7 |
| Ionizing radiation - human health | IRP1 | kBq U235 eq. | 5.79E-1 | 1.84E-4 | 3.90E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.51E-7 | 3.07E-5 | 6.55E-4 | 7.69E-7 | -1.28E-2 |
| Eco-toxicity - freshwater | ETP-fw2 | CTUe | 5.19E+1 | 2.63E-2 | 4.46E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.40E-4 | 1.71E-2 | 3.81E-4 | 1.23E-4 | -3.59E+0 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | HTP-c2 | CTUh | 4.27E-9 | 3.39E-12 | 1.02E-11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.00E-14 | 9.19E-13 | 5.53E-14 | 1.74E-14 | -2.11E-9 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | HTP-nc2 | CTUh | 6.18E-8 | 3.66E-10 | 7.65E-10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.68E-13 | 8.29E-11 | 1.28E-12 | 3.31E-13 | -2.53E-9 |
| Land-use related impacts/soil quality | SQP2 | Dimensionless | 4.93E+1 | 9.27E-4 | 3.71E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.32E-6 | 1.78E-3 | 1.97E-3 | 3.30E-3 | -1.44E+0 |
| Acronyms | PM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 7.09E+0 | 1.82E-3 | 6.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.07E-5 | 3.43E-4 | 5.68E-3 | 1.44E-5 | -1.69E-1 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 6.01E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -6.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.31E+1 | 1.82E-3 | 6.00E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.07E-5 | 3.43E-4 | 5.68E-3 | 1.44E-5 | -1.70E-1 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 3.88E+1 | 7.75E-1 | 1.46E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.21E-3 | 1.80E-1 | 2.00E-2 | 3.57E-3 | -1.58E+1 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 5.06E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 3.88E+1 | 7.75E-1 | 1.46E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.21E-3 | 1.80E-1 | 2.00E-2 | 3.57E-3 | -1.58E+1 |
| SM | kg | 1.50E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 4.49E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 3.92E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| FW | m3 | 3.67E-2 | 1.19E-5 | 8.01E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.95E-8 | 4.79E-6 | 2.39E-6 | 8.50E-8 | -5.06E-3 |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 1.13E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NHWD | kg | 9.02E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| RWD | kg | 4.25E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MFR | kg | 8.43E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 9.20E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MER | kg | 2.79E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
GWP-GHG results of the “best-case product”
| Best-case product | Spiral staircase with wooden steps |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | Wooden steps are used instead of steel grating steps. |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 1.18E+0 | 5.48E-2 | 1.06E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.78E-2 | 7.59E-3 | 1.02E-4 | -6.07E-1 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | 100 % recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | 100 % recycling, the results for modules C3, C4 and D changes when the alternative scenario is used. |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential - total (GWP-total) | kg CO2 eq. | 2.09E+0 | 5.49E-2 | 5.61E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.30E-2 | 3.88E-3 | 0.00E+0 | -1.52E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) | kg CO2 eq. | 2.54E+0 | 5.48E-2 | 1.19E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.30E-2 | 3.88E-3 | 0.00E+0 | -1.54E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) | kg CO2 eq. | -4.57E-1 | 1.23E-5 | 5.49E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.66E-8 | 2.36E-6 | 6.90E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 2.27E-2 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) | kg CO2 eq. | 3.49E-3 | 8.67E-7 | 8.73E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.54E-8 | 6.61E-7 | 1.60E-7 | 0.00E+0 | -2.46E-4 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.23E-8 | 1.25E-9 | 1.44E-10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.70E-12 | 1.53E-10 | 5.91E-11 | 0.00E+0 | -5.85E-9 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Acidification potential, accumulated exceedance (AP) | mol H+ eq. | 7.87E-3 | 6.81E-5 | 7.62E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.46E-6 | 3.66E-5 | 3.59E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -5.24E-3 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) | kg P eq. | 3.26E-4 | 2.82E-7 | 2.55E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.13E-9 | 7.49E-7 | 3.24E-8 | 0.00E+0 | -6.20E-4 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) | kg N eq. | 2.20E-3 | 1.54E-5 | 3.82E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.63E-6 | 1.28E-5 | 1.69E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -1.17E-3 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) | mol N eq. | 2.34E-2 | 1.67E-4 | 3.75E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.79E-5 | 1.40E-4 | 1.85E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -1.31E-2 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) | kg NMVOC eq. | 6.63E-3 | 1.34E-4 | 1.03E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.34E-6 | 5.21E-5 | 5.53E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -4.58E-3 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE) | kg Sb eq. | 1.51E-4 | 1.43E-9 | 1.96E-9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.31E-11 | 1.06E-9 | 1.36E-10 | 0.00E+0 | -2.15E-7 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) | MJ, net calorific value | 3.83E+1 | 7.29E-1 | 1.36E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.90E-3 | 1.69E-1 | 4.89E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -1.39E+1 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) | m3 world eq. deprived | 6.54E-1 | 2.39E-4 | 1.96E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.66E-6 | 2.25E-4 | 3.79E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -9.66E-2 |
| Additional mandatory environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential (GWP-GHG) | kg CO2 eq. | 2.55E+0 | 5.48E-2 | 1.19E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.30E-2 | 3.88E-3 | 0.00E+0 | -1.54E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Particulate matter emissions (PM) | Disease incidence | 2.07E-7 | 3.29E-9 | 1.03E-9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.97E-11 | 8.28E-10 | 1.03E-9 | 0.00E+0 | -1.14E-7 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Ionizing radiation, human health (IRP) | kBq U235 eq. | 5.79E-1 | 1.84E-4 | 3.90E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.51E-7 | 3.07E-5 | 9.85E-6 | 0.00E+0 | -1.40E-2 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Eco-toxicity - freshwater (ETP-fw) | CTUe | 5.19E+1 | 2.63E-2 | 4.46E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.40E-4 | 1.71E-2 | 1.46E-3 | 0.00E+0 | -3.91E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Human toxicity, cancer effect (HTP-c) | CTUh | 4.27E-9 | 3.39E-12 | 1.02E-11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.00E-14 | 9.19E-13 | 2.07E-13 | 0.00E+0 | -2.29E-9 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Human toxicity, non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) | CTUh | 6.18E-8 | 3.66E-10 | 7.65E-10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.68E-13 | 8.29E-11 | 3.82E-12 | 0.00E+0 | -2.75E-9 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Land use related impacts/Soil quality (SQP) | dimensionless | 4.93E+1 | 9.27E-4 | 3.71E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.32E-6 | 1.78E-3 | 8.63E-5 | 0.00E+0 | -1.57E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PERE) | MJ, net calorific value | 7.09E+0 | 1.82E-3 | 6.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.07E-5 | 3.43E-4 | 1.11E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -1.84E-1 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) | MJ, net calorific value | 6.01E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -6.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Total use of renewable primary energy (PERT) | MJ, net calorific value | 1.31E+1 | 1.82E-3 | 6.00E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.07E-5 | 3.43E-4 | 1.11E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -1.85E-1 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of non renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PENRE) | MJ, net calorific value | 3.88E+1 | 7.75E-1 | 1.46E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.21E-3 | 1.80E-1 | 5.11E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -1.46E+1 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) | MJ, net calorific value | 5.06E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT) | MJ, net calorific value | 3.88E+1 | 7.75E-1 | 1.46E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.21E-3 | 1.80E-1 | 5.11E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -1.46E+1 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of secondary material (SM) | kg | 1.50E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) | MJ, net calorific value | 4.49E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of non-renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) | MJ, net calorific value | 3.92E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Net use of fresh water (FW) | m3 | 3.67E-2 | 1.19E-5 | 8.01E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.95E-8 | 4.79E-6 | 1.03E-6 | 0.00E+0 | -5.50E-3 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories (MANDATORY) | Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) | kg | 1.13E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories (MANDATORY) | Non-hazardous waste disposed (NHWD) | kg | 9.02E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories (MANDATORY) | Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) | kg | 4.25E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Components for re-use (CRU) | kg | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Materials for recycling (MFR) | kg | 8.43E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 1.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Materials for energy recovery (MER) | kg | 2.79E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Exported electrical energy (EEE) | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Exported thermal energy (EET) | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | |||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | 100 % landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | 100 % landfill, the results for modules C3, C4 and D changes when the alternative scenario is used. |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential - total (GWP-total) | kg CO2 eq. | 2.09E+0 | 5.49E-2 | 5.61E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.30E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 3.28E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) | kg CO2 eq. | 2.54E+0 | 5.48E-2 | 1.19E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.30E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 3.27E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) | kg CO2 eq. | -4.57E-1 | 1.23E-5 | 5.49E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.66E-8 | 2.36E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 1.09E-6 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) | kg CO2 eq. | 3.49E-3 | 8.67E-7 | 8.73E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.54E-8 | 6.61E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 1.60E-7 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.23E-8 | 1.25E-9 | 1.44E-10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.70E-12 | 1.53E-10 | 0.00E+0 | 4.75E-11 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Acidification potential, accumulated exceedance (AP) | mol H+ eq. | 7.87E-3 | 6.81E-5 | 7.62E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.46E-6 | 3.66E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 2.96E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) | kg P eq. | 3.26E-4 | 2.82E-7 | 2.55E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.13E-9 | 7.49E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 8.12E-8 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) | kg N eq. | 2.20E-3 | 1.54E-5 | 3.82E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.63E-6 | 1.28E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 1.36E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) | mol N eq. | 2.34E-2 | 1.67E-4 | 3.75E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.79E-5 | 1.40E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 1.49E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) | kg NMVOC eq. | 6.63E-3 | 1.34E-4 | 1.03E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.34E-6 | 5.21E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 4.50E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE) | kg Sb eq. | 1.51E-4 | 1.43E-9 | 1.96E-9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.31E-11 | 1.06E-9 | 0.00E+0 | 1.10E-10 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) | MJ, net calorific value | 3.83E+1 | 7.29E-1 | 1.36E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.90E-3 | 1.69E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.59E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) | m3 world eq. deprived | 6.54E-1 | 2.39E-4 | 1.96E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.66E-6 | 2.25E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 3.58E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional mandatory environmental impact indicators (MANDATORY) | Global warming potential (GWP-GHG) | kg CO2 eq. | 2.55E+0 | 5.48E-2 | 1.19E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-4 | 1.30E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 3.28E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Particulate matter emissions (PM) | Disease incidence | 2.07E-7 | 3.29E-9 | 1.03E-9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.97E-11 | 8.28E-10 | 0.00E+0 | 8.41E-10 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Ionizing radiation, human health (IRP) | kBq U235 eq. | 5.79E-1 | 1.84E-4 | 3.90E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.51E-7 | 3.07E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 9.61E-6 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Eco-toxicity - freshwater (ETP-fw) | CTUe | 5.19E+1 | 2.63E-2 | 4.46E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.40E-4 | 1.71E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 1.54E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Human toxicity, cancer effect (HTP-c) | CTUh | 4.27E-9 | 3.39E-12 | 1.02E-11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.00E-14 | 9.19E-13 | 0.00E+0 | 2.17E-13 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Human toxicity, non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) | CTUh | 6.18E-8 | 3.66E-10 | 7.65E-10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.68E-13 | 8.29E-11 | 0.00E+0 | 4.14E-12 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators (OPTIONAL) | Land use related impacts/Soil quality (SQP) | dimensionless | 4.93E+1 | 9.27E-4 | 3.71E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.32E-6 | 1.78E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 4.12E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PERE) | MJ, net calorific value | 7.09E+0 | 1.82E-3 | 6.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.07E-5 | 3.43E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 1.80E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) | MJ, net calorific value | 6.01E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -6.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Total use of renewable primary energy (PERT) | MJ, net calorific value | 1.31E+1 | 1.82E-3 | 6.00E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.07E-5 | 3.43E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 1.80E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of non renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PENRE) | MJ, net calorific value | 3.88E+1 | 7.75E-1 | 1.46E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.21E-3 | 1.80E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.67E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) | MJ, net calorific value | 5.06E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT) | MJ, net calorific value | 3.88E+1 | 7.75E-1 | 1.46E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.21E-3 | 1.80E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.67E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of secondary material (SM) | kg | 1.50E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) | MJ, net calorific value | 4.49E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Use of non-renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) | MJ, net calorific value | 3.92E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use (MANDATORY) | Net use of fresh water (FW) | m3 | 3.67E-2 | 1.19E-5 | 8.01E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.95E-8 | 4.79E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 1.06E-6 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories (MANDATORY) | Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) | kg | 1.13E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories (MANDATORY) | Non-hazardous waste disposed (NHWD) | kg | 9.02E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories (MANDATORY) | Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) | kg | 4.25E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Components for re-use (CRU) | kg | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Materials for recycling (MFR) | kg | 8.43E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Materials for energy recovery (MER) | kg | 2.79E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Exported electrical energy (EEE) | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows (MANDATORY) | Exported thermal energy (EET) | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | |||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Information related to EPDs of multiple products
| Justification for why this is representative | The standard hot-dip galvanized spiral staircase is representative of the product group based on Weland AB’s production experience and sales data. Standard products account for approximately 70% of the annual production volume. Other assessed product variations include child-protected configurations, wood steps and powder-coated surface treatment. |
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Abbreviations
EPD – Environmental Product Declaration
LCA – Life Cycle Assessment
PCR – Product Category Rules
GPI – General Programme Instructions
DU – Declared Unit
GWP – Global Warming Potential
GWP-GHG – Global Warming Potential, excluding biogenic carbon uptake and emissions
LCI – Life Cycle Inventory
LCIA – Life Cycle Impact Assessment
References
General Programme Instructions for the International EPD System, version 5.0.1.
PCR 2019:14 Construction products, version 2.0.1.
EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021, Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products.
ISO 14025:2006, Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations – Principles and procedures.
ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines.
LCA report - Hot dip galvanized steel products from weland AB. Jansson, Johansson, Lindqvist. 2026-09-17.
EN 15941:2024 Sustainability of construction works — Data quality for environmental assessment of products and construction work — Selection and use of data.
Version history
Version 001, 2026-09-28
Original version of the EPD