EPD-IES-0028749:003
Bhuwalka Premier TMT Bars
TMT Bars are high-strength reinforcing steel bars used in reinforced concrete structures requiring high strength and ductility. The TMT bars covered under this Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) are manufactured at Meenakshi Bright Bars Plant and comply with IS 1786 for Fe 500, Fe 500D, Fe 550, and Fe 550D grades. Production involves hot rolling of steel billets followed by thermo-mechanical treatment, including rapid quenching, self-tempering, and controlled cooling, resulting in a hardened outer layer and a ductile core. The declared products are widely used in residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure applications, including buildings, bridges, and transportation structures. At the end of their service life, TMT bars are fully recyclable through established steel recycling processes.
General information
| EPD Owner | Bhuwalka Premier Group |
|---|---|
| Registration number | EPD-IES-0028749:003 |
| EPD type | EPD of multiple products based on the average results of the product group |
| Status | Valid |
| Version date | 2026-07-31 |
| Validity date | 2031-07-22 |
| Standards conformance | ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 |
| Licensee | EPD India |
| Geographical scope | Global |
| An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD. | |
Programme information
| Programme | International EPD System |
|---|---|
| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
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| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
Verification
| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
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| Third-party verifier | Vijay Thakur (VIJAY THAKUR) |
| Approved by | The International EPD® System |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | Bhuwalka Premier Group |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | Shubham Bhuwalka |
| Contact person e-mail | shubham@bhuwalka.co.in |
| Organisation address | Corporate Office (Bangalore) No. 5, Walker Lane (On Langford Road), Richmond Town, 560 025. Bangalore India |
| LCA Practitioner | Vikas Choudhary Swati Sawant Kaizen Design Solutions Pvt. Ltd., sustainability@kdsglobe.com |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
For over four decades, Bhuwalka Premier Group has stood as a trusted symbol of enduring quality, combining generations of expertise with advanced technological innovations. Inspired by the vision of its founders, the group continues to pursue excellence, supported by a dedicated team committed to building long-lasting relationships with customers and stakeholders. Bhuwalka Premier Group is a leading South Indian steel manufacturer, established in 1988. The group produces more than 420,000 MT of TMT bars annually from its manufacturing facilities located in Hindupur, Andhra Pradesh, and Hirehal, Karnataka.
Organisation images
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | Fe - 500, 500D, 550 and 550D TMT Bars |
|---|---|
| Product identification | Fe - 500, Fe - 500D, Fe - 550 and Fe - 550D TMT Bars |
| Product description | TMT Bars are high-strength reinforcing steel bars used in reinforced concrete structures requiring high strength and ductility. The TMT bars covered under this Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) are manufactured at Meenakshi Bright Bars Plant and comply with IS 1786 for Fe 500, Fe 500D, Fe 550, and Fe 550D grades. Production involves hot rolling of steel billets followed by thermo-mechanical treatment, including rapid quenching, self-tempering, and controlled cooling, resulting in a hardened outer layer and a ductile core. The declared products are widely used in residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure applications, including buildings, bridges, and transportation structures. At the end of their service life, TMT bars are fully recyclable through established steel recycling processes. |
| Technical purpose of product | The technical purpose of Bhuwalka Premier TMT bars is to provide high-strength reinforcement steel bars used in construction. These bars undergo a special process of heating and cooling, which gives them superior strength, durability, and flexibility. TMT bars are widely used in concrete structures, including buildings, bridges, and dams, as they offer excellent bonding with concrete and resistance to corrosion. |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | The procured MS billets are cut to the required length and charged into a reheating furnace, where they are heated to the appropriate rolling temperature. The heated billets are then passed through a series of roughing and finishing mill stands to achieve the desired diameter and shape. The rolled bars subsequently undergo a controlled quenching process, in which rapid water cooling hardens the outer surface layer while maintaining a ductile core |
| Material properties | Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 |
| Manufacturing site | Meenakshi Bright Steel Bars Pvt. Ltd a Part of Bhuwalka Premier Group Plot No. 54, IDA Thumkunta, Hindupur 515211 Sri Satya Sai India |
| UN CPC code | 412. Products of iron or steel |
| Geographical scope | Global |
| Geographical scope description | The TMT bar is produced in southern part of India Thumkuta Hindupur of Sri Satya Sai distict of Andhra Pradesh state India. |
| Actual or technical lifespan | 60 year(s) |
Product images
Technical characteristics and performance
Technical performance
| Product name | Applicable Standard | Yield Strength, (N/mm²) | Tensile Strength (N/mm2) | Elongation (%) | Tensile Strength / Yield Strength (TS/YS) Ratio | Carbon (%) | Sulphur (%) | Phosphorus (%) | Sulphur + Phosphorus (%) | Carbon Equivalent (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe - 500 | IS - 1786 : 2008 | 550-560 | 655-665 | 17.4-19.1 | 1.19 - 1.20 | 0.18–0.23 | 0.032–0.037 | 0.044–0.047 | 0.079-0.082 | 0.29-0.33 | |
| Fe - 500D | IS - 1786 : 2008 | 525-540 | 610-625 | 18.5-20.2 | 1.16-1.17 | 0.18–0.20 | 0.031-0.033 | 0.035-0.037 | 0.066-0.069 | 0.29-0.31 | |
| Fe - 550 | IS - 1786 : 2008 | 592-596 | 691-699 | 18.6-20.4 | 1.16-1.18 | 0.19-0.20 | 0.034-0.035 | 0.047-0.048 | 0.083-0.082 | 0.29-0.30 | |
| Fe - 550D | IS - 1786 : 2008 | 597-599 | 681-691 | 18.5-19.3 | 1.14-1.15 | 0.20-0.21 | 0.028-0.03 | 0.037-0.039 | 0.065-0.069 | 0.29-0.31 |
Content declaration
| Content declaration of multiple products | The declared products belong to the same Fe 500 series of TMT reinforcing steel bars. Minor variations in alloying elements are introduced to achieve the specified mechanical properties of each grade. These variations do not significantly affect the overall material composition or environmental performance; therefore, a representative content declaration is provided for the declared product group. |
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| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
Product content
| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scrap Steel | 750 | 75 | 0 | 0 |
| Sponge Iron | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 1000 | 75 | 0 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | TMT bars Mass: 1000 kg |
| Conversion factor to mass | 0.001 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.12 database |
| LCA Software | SimaPro 10.4.0.0 |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) study has been conducted in accordance with EN 15804 based on EF 3.1 characterization factors. |
| Technology description including background system | The product consists of 75% post-consumer scrap steel. The billets are reheated in a furnace to the required rolling temperature and subsequently passed through a series of roughing and finishing mill stands to achieve the desired dimensions. |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | The data quality of secondary datasets used in this study has been assessed in accordance with the requirements of EN 15941 and EN 15804+A2. A semi-quantitative assessment approach based on the Product Environmental Footprint Category rules recommended in Annex E Table E.2 of EN 15804 has been applied. The referance year is 2024 - 2025. Note: No datasets classified as poor or very poor were used in this study. Datasets classified as fair quality do not contribute more than 30% of the environmental impact. |
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Data quality assessment
| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw material | Database | Ecoinvent v 3.12 | 2024 - 2025 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Transportation of raw material | Database | EPD owner, Ecoinvent v 3.12 | 2024 - 2025 | Primary data | 0.81% |
| Electricity | Database | EPD owner, Ecoinvent v 3.12 | 2024 - 2025 | Primary data | 6.16% |
| Fuel used in manufacturing | Database | EPD owner, Ecoinvent v 3.12 | 2024 - 2025 | Primary data | 18.27% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 25.24% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
| Comment on the data sources and other information in the table | Primary data refers to all data collected from the manufacturing units located in Thumkunta Hindupur. This includes information on raw material composition (A1) and the distances between raw material sources and the manufacturing units (A2). The raw material and other sourcomposition has been determined based on the test reports provided by Bhuwalka Premier Group. Primary data covers fuel consumption, electricity consumption, and waste generation associated with the manufacturing process (A3). |
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Electricity data
| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of electricity mix | Residual electricity mix on the market | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 11.01% |
| Wind | 9.07% | |
| Solar | 0% | |
| Biomass | 1.18% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0% | |
| Nuclear | 6.09% | |
| Natural gas | 0.7% | |
| Coal | 53.14% | |
| Oil | 1.87% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 16.94% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 1.12 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
| Method used to calculate residual electricity mix | Ecoinvent database is used to estimate GWP - GHG emission per kWh |
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System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | a) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D). |
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| Excluded modules | Yes, there is an excluded module, or there are excluded modules |
| Justification for the omission of modules | Modules A4 (transport to site) and A5 (installation) are not declared in this study due to the high variability in transportation distances, logistics, and installation practices, which are project-specific and beyond the control of the manufacturer. Modules B1–B7 (use stage) are not declared, as the product is embedded within concrete and does not require energy or water during use, nor does it require maintenance, repair, replacement, or refurbishment under normal service conditions. |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | India | India | India | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 25.24% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 2.7% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description of the process flow diagram(s)
At Meenakshi Bright Steel Pvt. Ltd., MS billets are procured directly from external suppliers. The billets are cut to the required length and charged into a reheating furnace, where they are heated to the appropriate rolling temperature. The heated billets are then passed through a series of roughing and finishing mill stands to achieve the required dimensions. Subsequently, the rolled bars undergo a thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT) process, in which the outer surface is rapidly quenched with water to form a hardened outer layer while the core remains hot and ductile. The bars are then transferred to a cooling bed, where they are cooled under ambient atmospheric conditions. Finally, the TMT bars are cut into standard 12 m lengths and stamped for product identification and branding before dispatch.
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | Current market practice as per published EPDs of same group products |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | The end-of-life Module C and the recycling/reuse Module D are based on existing EPDs for similar products. It is assumed that, after end-of-life, 85% of TMT steel is recycled, while the remaining 15% is disposed of in landfill. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C | C1 to C4 |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module C | The end-of-life scenario is based on prevailing market practices for steel. |
| Description of the default scenario in module C | Steel is theoretically 100% recyclable, the applied recycling rates and recovery assumptions reflect current industry practices rather than ideal conditions. C1: Deconstruction or demolition of the structure C2: Transportation of end-of-life waste to treatment facilities. C3: Waste processing for recycling and recovery C4: Disposal of 15% of the TMT bar waste to landfill For the modelling of Modules C1–C4, default energy values specified in Construction Product PCR 2019:14, Version 2.0.1 have been applied. |
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| C1: Assumed 100% collection rate of waste steel. | 1000 | kg |
| C2: Transportation of waste. | 80 | km |
| C3: Preprocessing of material for recycling | 850 | kg |
| C4: Landfill disposal of waste TMT | 150 | kg |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D | Recycling (Module D) |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module D | 85% of the TMT bar after the end of life is send for recycling |
| Description of the default scenario in module D | The benefits of recycling 750 kg of recovered steel for every tonne of steel product are already discounted in module A1 by using polluter pays principle. The benefits and loads associated with this module have been calculated by considering MS billet production via the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) route using 100% scrap steel, while virgin material production is considered through the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) route. The net flow has been calculated as 100 kg, representing the difference between the steel recycling rate of 85% and the recycled content in the input raw material, which is 75%. |
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| 85% recycle (Net flow) | (850 - 750) = 100 | kg |
Additional scenario 1
| Name of the additional scenario | 100 % material for landfill disposal after end of life |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | After end of life the 100% waste steel is send for land fill. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | Modules C1 and C2 remain unchanged, while module C3 is set to zero, assuming that 100% of the waste is directed to landfill. |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| C1: Assumed 100% collection rate of waste steel. | 1000 | kg |
| C2: Transportation of waste. | 80 | km |
| C3: Preprocessing of material for recycling | 0 | kg |
| C4: Landfill disposal of waste TMT | 1000 | kg |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | The module D is indicating burden because of 100% of waste material is going for landfill. |
|---|
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Module D (Net flow) | (0 - 750) = -750 | kg |
Additional scenario 2
| Name of the additional scenario | 100 % material for recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | After end of life the 100% waste steel is send for recycling |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | The pre-processing of 1000 kg of waste TMT steel is considered, while Module C4 is assigned a value of zero for this scenario |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| C1: Assumed 100% collection rate of waste steel. | 1000 | kg |
| C2: Transportation of waste. | 80 | km |
| C3: Preprocessing of material for recycling | 1000 | kg |
| C4: Landfill disposal of waste TMT | 0 | kg |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | Module D indicates the benefits associated with the recycling of 100% of the waste material |
|---|
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Net flow | (1000 - 750) = 250 | kg |
Environmental performance
The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 1.70E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.30E+1 | 2.67E+0 | 4.10E-1 | -1.06E+2 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 1.69E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.30E+1 | 2.66E+0 | 4.10E-1 | -1.06E+2 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | 2.74E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.88E-5 | 8.59E-4 | 1.33E-4 | 3.78E-5 | 1.45E-1 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 1.43E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.44E-5 | 6.50E-4 | 1.02E-4 | 1.94E-5 | 2.64E-2 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 6.91E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.87E-9 | 1.59E-7 | 4.17E-8 | 6.06E-9 | -1.77E-7 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 7.97E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.46E-3 | 3.68E-2 | 2.46E-2 | 3.68E-3 | -2.04E-1 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 2.16E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.62E-7 | 9.04E-5 | 2.58E-6 | 1.35E-6 | 5.39E-3 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 1.64E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.64E-3 | 1.30E-2 | 1.17E-2 | 1.69E-3 | -4.66E-2 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 1.45E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.80E-2 | 1.43E-1 | 1.28E-1 | 1.85E-2 | -7.96E-1 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 4.91E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.38E-3 | 5.34E-2 | 3.82E-2 | 5.63E-3 | -2.33E-1 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1 | kg Sb eq. | 1.93E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.35E-8 | 1.07E-6 | 9.59E-8 | 1.40E-8 | 1.48E-4 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 1.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.88E+0 | 1.69E+2 | 3.47E+1 | 5.22E+0 | -8.56E+2 |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 5.27E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.30E-3 | 2.10E-1 | 2.35E-2 | 4.20E-3 | 2.05E+1 |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 1.70E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.30E+1 | 2.66E+0 | 4.10E-1 | -1.06E+2 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter emissions | PM | Disease incidence | 1.73E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.98E-8 | 8.28E-7 | 7.09E-7 | 1.04E-7 | -6.69E-6 |
| Ionizing radiation - human health | IRP1 | kBq U235 eq. | 2.49E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.51E-4 | 1.47E-2 | 3.21E-3 | 5.60E-4 | 9.84E-1 |
| Eco-toxicity - freshwater | ETP-fw2 | CTUe | 1.50E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.83E-1 | 2.52E+1 | 2.72E+0 | 4.51E-1 | 3.35E+2 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | HTP-c2 | CTUh | 1.62E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.07E-11 | 9.55E-10 | 1.47E-10 | 2.89E-11 | -1.06E-7 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | HTP-nc2 | CTUh | 9.56E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.12E-10 | 7.90E-8 | 2.93E-9 | 5.86E-10 | 8.17E-6 |
| Land-use related impacts/soil quality | SQP2 | Dimensionless | 2.00E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.81E-3 | 1.80E+0 | 6.26E-2 | 6.18E+0 | -1.09E+2 |
| Acronyms | PM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 1.10E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.01E-2 | 3.26E-1 | 7.18E-2 | 2.25E-2 | 4.81E+1 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.10E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.01E-2 | 3.26E-1 | 7.18E-2 | 2.25E-2 | 4.81E+1 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 1.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.88E+0 | 1.69E+2 | 3.47E+1 | 5.22E+0 | -8.56E+2 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 4.48E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.16E-5 | 1.13E-4 | 8.25E-5 | 1.61E-5 | -8.38E-2 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.88E+0 | 1.69E+2 | 3.47E+1 | 5.22E+0 | -8.56E+2 |
| SM | kg | 7.87E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 1.00E+2 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| FW | m3 | 2.05E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.33E-4 | 6.92E-3 | 9.45E-4 | 1.61E-4 | 4.56E-1 |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 4.03E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.36E-5 | 1.11E-3 | 2.39E-4 | 3.47E-5 | -1.37E-2 |
| NHWD | kg | 2.77E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.72E-4 | 1.43E-2 | 1.22E-3 | 1.50E+2 | -7.45E-2 |
| RWD | kg | 1.54E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.11E-7 | 6.71E-6 | 1.50E-6 | 2.74E-7 | 6.12E-4 |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MFR | kg | 4.90E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 8.50E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MER | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | 100 % material for landfill disposal after end of life |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | An additional end-of-life scenario assuming 100% landfill disposal has been considered. In this scenario, Module D is calculated as a burden, as no materials are assumed to be recycled. The results for modules A1–A3 remain unchanged, while modules C1–C4 and Module D differ under this scenario. |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global warming potential - total (GWP-total) | GWP | kg CO2 eq | 1.70E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.30E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 2.73E+0 | 1.32E+3 |
| Global warming potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq | 1.69E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.30E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 2.73E+0 | 1.32E+3 |
| Global warming potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq | 2.74E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.88E-5 | 8.59E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 2.52E-4 | 3.87E-1 |
| Global warming potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq | 1.43E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.44E-5 | 6.50E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 1.30E-4 | 4.52E-1 |
| Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) | ODP | kg CFC11 eq | 6.91E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.87E-9 | 1.59E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 4.04E-8 | 5.20E-6 |
| Acidification potential, accumulated exceedance (AP) | AP | mol H+ eq | 7.97E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.46E-3 | 3.68E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 2.46E-2 | 4.24E+0 |
| Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) | EP-f | kg P eq | 2.16E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.62E-7 | 9.04E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 9.01E-6 | 4.57E-2 |
| Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) | EP-m | kg N eq | 1.64E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.64E-3 | 1.30E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 1.13E-2 | 9.92E-1 |
| Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) | EP-t | mol N eq | 1.45E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.80E-2 | 1.43E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.23E-1 | 1.13E+1 |
| Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) | POCP | kg NMVOC eq | 4.91E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.38E-3 | 5.34E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 3.75E-2 | 3.81E+0 |
| Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE) | ADP-m | kg Sb eq | 1.93E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.35E-8 | 1.07E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 9.32E-8 | 2.21E-4 |
| Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) | ADP-f | MJ | 1.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.88E+0 | 1.69E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 3.48E+1 | 1.29E+4 |
| Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) | WDP | m3 depriv. | 5.27E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.30E-3 | 2.10E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 2.80E-2 | 2.62E+2 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | The results are based on assumptions and should therefore be interpreted with caution and are not intended for direct use in decision-making. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | 100 % material for recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | This scenario assumes 100% recycling of waste steel at the end of life. In this case, Module D is calculated as a benefit due to the recovery of recyclable material, with a net flow of 250 kg. The results for modules A1–A3 remain unchanged, while modules C1–C4 and Module D differ under this scenario. |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global warming potential - total (GWP-total) | GWP | kg CO2 eq | 1.70E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.30E+1 | 3.14E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.64E+2 |
| Global warming potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq | 1.69E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.30E+1 | 3.14E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.64E+2 |
| Global warming potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq | 2.74E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.88E-5 | 8.59E-4 | 1.57E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 3.62E-1 |
| Global warming potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq | 1.43E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.44E-5 | 6.50E-4 | 1.20E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 6.60E-2 |
| Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) | ODP | kg CFC11 eq | 6.91E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.87E-9 | 1.59E-7 | 4.91E-8 | 0.00E+0 | -4.42E-7 |
| Acidification potential, accumulated exceedance (AP) | AP | mol H+ eq | 7.97E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.46E-3 | 3.68E-2 | 2.90E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -5.09E-1 |
| Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) | EP-f | kg P eq | 2.16E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.62E-7 | 9.04E-5 | 3.03E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 1.35E-2 |
| Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) | EP-m | kg N eq | 1.64E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.64E-3 | 1.30E-2 | 1.37E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -1.16E-1 |
| Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) | EP-t | mol N eq | 1.45E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.80E-2 | 1.43E-1 | 1.50E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -1.99E+0 |
| Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) | POCP | kg NMVOC eq | 4.91E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.38E-3 | 5.34E-2 | 4.50E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -5.84E-1 |
| Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE) | ADP-m | kg Sb eq | 1.93E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.35E-8 | 1.07E-6 | 1.13E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 3.70E-4 |
| Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) | ADP-f | MJ | 1.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.88E+0 | 1.69E+2 | 4.08E+1 | 0.00E+0 | -2.14E+3 |
| Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) | WDP | m3 depriv. | 5.27E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.30E-3 | 2.10E-1 | 2.76E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 5.13E+1 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | The results are based on assumptions and should therefore be interpreted with caution and are not intended for direct use in decision-making. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Information related to EPDs of multiple products
| Description of how the averages have been determined | The declared products belong to the same Fe 500 series of TMT bars and are manufactured using the same raw materials, production process, infrastructure, and energy sources. Minor variations in chemical composition and process parameters to achieve the required mechanical properties do not significantly affect their environmental performance. |
|---|
Abbreviations
EN European Norm (Standard)
EF Environmental Footprint
ISO International Organization for Standardization
PCR Product Category Rules
c-PCR Complementary Product Category Rules
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CPC Central product classification
GHS Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals
MJ Megajoule
NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
Sb eq. Antimony Equivalents
P eq. Phosphorus Equivalents
N eq. Nitrogen Equivalents
CFC-11 eq. Chlorofluorocarbon-11 Equivalents
CO₂ eq. Carbon Dioxide Equivalents
kg C Kilograms of Carbon
kg CO₂ eq. Kilograms of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
ND Not Declared
References
1. General Programme Instructions of the International EPD® System. Version 5.0.1.
2. PCR 2019:14. Construction Products, Version 2.0.1.
3. EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declaration – Product category rules for building products and construction services.
4. ISO 14025:2018 Environmental labels and declarations – Environmental product declarations – General principles and requirements.
5. ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework.
6. ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines.
7. ISO/TR 14049:2012 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14044 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis.
8. Ecoinvent Association (2025). ecoinvent database version 3.12. Zurich, Switzerland www.ecoinvent.org.
Version history
Original version of the EPD, 2026-07-23
Version 002, 2026-07-31